Whole body computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal and thoracic malignancy: review of 600 cases

Whole-body computed tomography (CT) was performed on 600 patients with known or suspected malignancy at the National Institutes of Health. This new diagnostic modality utilizes a finely columnated X-ray source mounted opposite a computer-linked detector bank to generate anatomic cross-sectional images of the body part being scanned. CT proved valuable in defining many pathologic processes and was, at times, deemed the only test short of exploratory surgery that yielded diagnostic information. This latter benefit was most acutely emphasized in lesions affecting the retroperitoneum, adrenal glands, pelvis, liver, and immediate subpleural pulmonary parenchyma.     

Analysis of empyrical factors for the determination of cardiac output

With a method by which no recirculation was possible the area of a dilution curve was obtained. On this basis it was searched what percentage represents the forward triangle of the total surface of the curve. The r?le of the V/F of the sampling system on this portion of the curve was studied, surface from which the empirical constants for the estimation of the cardiac output derivates. The data obtained suggest that the forward surface triangle was V/F dependent V/F less than 1 gave smaller forward triangles, the opposite was true with V/F greater than 1. It was also found that V/F greater than 1 subestimate the total surface of the dye curve, which means cardiac outputs higher than the real. The forward surface of the curve was reduced to a minimal percentage of the total curve when a V/F less than 1 was used. Situation that makes this area non useful to obtain from them empirical factors. If an empirical factor is use in order to measure cardiac output it had to be accepted that an important grade of error is introduced.     

The effects of roasting temperature applied to whole soybeans on site of digestion by steers: II. Protein and amino acid digestion

A 4 x 5 Youden square design was used to determine the effect of roasting temperature of whole soybeans on escape of CP from the rumen and disappearance of N from the small intestine in steers. Four steers (average BW 373 kg +/- 30.7) cannulated at the rumen, duodenum, and ileum were fed each of five diets (1.8% of BW) over five periods. The basal diet contained corn silage (50% of diet DM), alfalfa hay (24%), corn-urea premix (6%), corn starch grits (16.6%), and soybean oil (3.4%). Soybeans (16% of diet DM), either raw or heated to an exit temperature of 141, 149, or 157 degrees C in a commercial roaster, replaced the soybean oil and most of the corn starch grits in the soybean-containing diets. Ruminal ammonia N was lower (P < .05) for the basal diet than for the soybean-containing diets. Roasting temperature of whole soybeans had no significant impact on ruminal ammonia N. Total N reaching the duodenum was greater (P < .05) for steers fed the soybean diets than for steers fed the basal diet. Non-bacterial N (dietary N) at the duodenum was increased (P < .05) by feeding soybeans. Soybean N reaching the duodenum decreased with increased roasting temperature. Increased roasting temperature of whole soybeans seemed to make the soybeans more brittle, subsequently increasing degradation of CP in the rumen. However, disappearance of soybean N in the small intestine, as a proportion of the soybean N entering the small intestine, increased with increased roasting temperature. Apparent total tract N digestibility was increased (P < .05) by feeding soybeans. Flow to the duodenum and small intestinal digestibility of total, essential, and nonessential amino acids increased (P < .05) when soybeans were fed and when roasted vs raw soybeans were fed. Under normal roasting conditions, it seemed that little potential for heat damage to the soybean protein existed. Instead, undesirable effects of heating on handling characteristics of the soybeans were reached before the point at which loss of nutritive value occurred. Feeding steers diets containing roasted whole soybeans increased the N and amino acids available to steers over steers fed diets containing raw soybeans due to increased ruminal soybean nitrogen escape and increased small intestinal digestibility.     

Effect of polyamines and cystic fibrosis serum on glucose transport

The effect of plasma or serum from homozygotes and heterozygotes for the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene on the active uptake of 3-0-14C-methyl-D-glucose (3-0-14C-MDG) by rat jejunal epithelium was studied. Furthermore, the role of the polyamine, spermidine, and its products of metabolic degradation on glucose transport were investigated, and a relationship to the pathogenesis of membrane dysfunction in cystic fibrosis was postulated. Glucose transport in everted rat jejunal rings was used in the study. Results were expressed as 3-0-14C-MDG concentration ratio between the intracellular (ICF) and the extracellular fluid spaces (ECF) of the jejunal rings at the end of a 60 min incubation period. The mean ratio obtained from incubations of the rat jejunal rings in medium consisting of Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer and the labeled sugar was considered as 100% uptake. When plasma or serum, with or without spermidine, was mixed with the medium in a volume ratio of 1:3, a decrease in the active uptake of 3-0-14C-MDG was observed, expressed as percent inhibition. Percent inhibition of 3-0-14C-MDG uptake obtained when the rat jejunal rings were incubated in normal plasma was compared to that obtained with plasma from cystic fibrosis genotypes. It was found that: 1) plasma from 25 homozygous children had greater inhibitory effect on glucose uptake than plasma from 26 normal children; 2) plasma from 9 heterozygous women had greater inhibitory effect than that from 6 normal women; 3) the inhibitory effect of plasma from 3 homozygous children was not influenced by dialysis; 4) the inhibitory effects of paired plasma and serum samples from 9 homozygotes were comparable; 5) spermidine added to the incubating electrolyte solution did not affect glucose transport; 6) the addition of spermidine to reaction mixtures containing normal plasma potentiated the inhibitory effect; and 7) mixing and incubation of fresh bovine serum with reaction mixtures containing plasma from homozygotes decreased the inhibitory effect. The predominant inhibitory effect of plasma or serum from homozygotes and heterozygotes for the CF gene appears to be related to a nondialyzeable molecule(s). It does not seem to reflect the presence of high plasma glucose levels in cystic fibrosis nor to be the result of competitive inhibition between sugars. It does not seem to be the result of sodium or other electrolyte differences. A similar inhibitory effect is acquired by normal plasma after the addition of spermidine. On the other hand, plasma from CF homozygotes loses its inhibitory effect after incubation with fresh bovine serum. These findings may indicate that products of metabolic degradation of spermidine are responsible for the inhibitory effect of glucose transport and suggest the possibility of a role in abnormal polyamine metabolism in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.     

机器翻译系统及翻译工具的开发和使用

本文综述了当前计算机翻译软件的需求和应用情况,着重讨论了如何设计翻译系统使其质量能达到可出版水平, 其中包括开发受限语言翻译系统, 翻译工作站, 及软件本地化。同时本文还涉及到如何开发非传统概念的翻译软件,特别是针对Web页面和其它应用在Internet上各类信息的翻译软件。本文还讨论了机器翻译未来的需要以及正在开发的一些系统。文中最后一部分比较了一下通过人译、机译,机助人译的方式达到的几种最合适的翻译方法。